L'attuale diminuzione della sua portata d'acqua rispetto a tempi passati è dovuta, oltre al prelievo tramite canali per l'irrigazione delle colture agricole, anche alla distruzione per opera dell'uomo delle caratteristiche foreste che crescono rigogliose lungo le sue rive, chiamate tugai, formate da canneti, alberi e arbusti molto fitti, talvolta impenetrabili e larghe dagli 800 m ai 3 km. [23] The area was taken over by Russia during the Russian conquest of Turkestan. One southern route of the Silk Road ran along part of the Amu Darya northwestward from Termezbefore goin… All of the water comes from the high mountains in the south where annual precipitation can be over 1,000 mm (39 in). To hem his watery march, and dam his streams, Il restringimento del lago d'Aral, iniziato alla fine degli anni cinquanta, è dovuto anche alla diminuzione della portata dell'Amu Darya, dovuta, in particolare, all'uso della sua acqua per irrigazione. It is very likely that glacier extent in the Pamir and Tien Shan mountain ranges will decrease 45 to 60% by the year 2050. [3] The river's drainage lies in the area between the former empires of Genghis Khan and Alexander the Great, although they occurred at very different times. People began to settle along the lower Amu Darya and the Uzboy in the 5th century, establishing a thriving chain of agricultural lands, towns, and cities. Talvolta le due piene possono susseguirsi indistintamente, portando a 5 mesi consecutivi di piene. Inadequate infrastructure, poor water-management, and outdated irrigation methods all exacerbate the issue. The 534,769 square kilometres (206,475 sq mi) of the Amu Darya drainage basin include most of Tajikistan, the southwest corner of Kyrgyzstan, the northeast corner of Afghanistan, a narrow portion of eastern Turkmenistan and the western half of Uzbekistan. Nel V secolo a.C., Erodoto scriveva: "Il fiume di per sé ha 40 rami; ad eccezione di uno che si getta nel Mar Caspio, tutti gli altri si perdono nelle sabbie. Amu Darya, has a flow of about 70 cubic kilometres per year on average. Очень красивый вид на реку Амударья и окна вагона поезда Ашгабат-Амударья. In his high mountain-cradle in Pamere, In return, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan received Kazakh, Turkmen, and Uzbek coal, gas, and electricity in winter. Taliban and Talibanism in Historical Perspective, M Nazif Shahrani, chapter 4 of. Segue il confine tra Afghanistan e Turkmenistan per altri 100 km prima di entrare in Turkmenistan presso Kerki. from two rivers only: Amu Darya and Syr Darya. For the town, see, "Oxus" redirects here. Part of the Amu Darya basin divide in Tajikistan forms that country's border with China (in the east) and Pakistan (to the south). [15] [26], During the Soviet era, a resource-sharing system was instated in which Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan shared water originating from the Amu and Syr Daryas with Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in summer. Oxus, forgetting the bright speed he had come il più importante corso d'acqua dell'Asia centrale, il cui ramo principale sfociava nel lago d'Aral. The Soviet Union became the ruling power in the early 1920s and expelled Mohammed Alim Khan. The main arteries were Amu Darya and Syr Darya, fed by hundreds of small rivers flowing down from the Tien Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Through beds of sand and matted rushy isles — Even before large-scale irrigation began, high summer evaporation meant that not all of this discharge reached the Aral Sea – though there is some evidence the large Pamir glaciers provided enough meltwater for the Aral to overflow during the 13th and 14th centuries. Water and Energy Facilities of the Syr Darya Basin Construction of Toktogul reservoir in the Syr Darya basin was called for by the agricultural production targets set by the government of the former Soviet Union. La sorgente si trova nelle montagne del Pamir. The river is navigable for over 1,450 kilometres (900 mi). The second part of the name (Darya) means river, though “Syr Darya River” is the conventional name. And split his currents; that for many a league It delineates the border of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan for another 100 kilometres (62 mi) before it flows into Turkmenistan at Atamurat. from the Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya) into the Aral Sea have always been irregular. Less and less water flowed down the Uzboy. In Middle Persian sources of the Sassanid period the river is known as Wehrōd[3] (lit. Mapa da Ásia Central com o mar de Aral e os rios Amu Dária e Sir Dária. Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 21 ott 2020 alle 18:28. Syr Darya or Syrdarya (both: sēr däryä`, –där`yə), ancient Jaxartes or Yaxartes, Pers. The Syr Darya is formed by the confluence of the Naryn and Qoradaryo rivers in the eastern Fergana Valley and generally flows northwest until it empties into the Aral Sea. Inizialmente prende il nome di fiume Pamir, parte da Zorkul, scorre verso est fino a Ishtragh. Brimming, and bright, and large: then sands begin The Syr Darya River by Christina G., Victoria H., Mariel V.Ms. Medieval Arabic and Islamic sources call the river Jayhoun (Arabic: جَـيْـحُـوْن‎, romanized: Jayḥūn; also Jaihun, Jayhoon, or Dzhaykhun) which is derived from Gihon, the biblical name for one of the four rivers of the Garden of Eden. [citation needed], This article is about the river. [3], In classical antiquity, the river was known as the Ōxus in Latin and Ὦξος (Ôxos) in Greek — a clear derivative of Vakhsh, the name of the largest tributary of the river. The Uzboy splits off from the main channel just south of the river's delta. Progettato negli anni quaranta, i suoi lavori non iniziarono prima del 1954. Some in Britain feared that the Empire of Russia, which at the time wielded great influence over the Oxus area, would overcome these obstacles and find a suitable route through which to invade British India – but this never came to pass. At the mouth, the Syr Darya forms a delta with numerous branches, channels, lakes, and swamps. Rejoicing, through the hushed Chorasmian waste, It was on the shores of the Syr Darya that Alexander placed a garrison in the City of Cyrus (Cyropolis in Greek), which he then renamed after himself Alexandria Eschate--"the farthest Alexandria"—in 329 B.C. Dove i tugai sono intatti, essi svolgono un'importante funzione di consolidamento delle rive essendo ben radicati, in questo modo impediscono all'acqua del fiume di spandersi nel deserto, mantenendola nell'alveo. Nel IV secolo a.C., l'esercito di Alessandro Magno impiegò cinque giorni e cinque notti per attraversare il fiume. https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amu_Darya&oldid=116173208, Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità, licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo. as the boundary between Greater Iran and Ṫūrān (Persian: تُوران‎). However, the Main Turkmen Canal, which would have diverted water along the dry Uzboy River bed into central Turkmenistan, was never built. Without its mountain water sources, the Amu Darya would not exist—because it rarely rains in the lowlands through which most of the river flows. [25] The Soviet Union fell in the 1990s and Central Asia split up into the many smaller countries that lie within or partially within the Amu Darya basin. La soluzione per la definizione VI SI GETTA IL SYR DARYA è stata trovata nel nostro motore di ricerca. Under the solitary moon: — he flowed The river's drainage lies in the area between the former empires of Genghis Khan and Alexander the Great, although they occurred at very different times. Such habitat is not available at this stage and cannot be provided in the short term. [12] The Panj River forms the border of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. However, this name is no longer used. After the fall of the Soviet Union this system disintegrated and the Central Asian nations have failed to reinstate it. Nel IV secolo a.C., l'esercito di Alessandro Magnoimpieg… Aral. It existed in that form during the past 8000– 10,000 years (Boomer et al., 2000). Before this time, water from the rivers was already being used for agriculture, but not on this massive scale. The two major rivers, the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya, originate from the West Tien-Shan and Pamir Plateau as a part of the central Asian water tower. When Russian explorer Bekovich-Cherkasski surveyed the region in 1720, the Amu Darya did not flow into the Caspian Sea anymore.[19]. Una grande popolazione di rifugiati dell'Asia centrale, inclusi turkmeni, tagiki e uzbeki, è fuggita nel nord dell'Afghanistan. Rising in the Pamir Mountains, north of the Hindu Kush, the Amu Darya is formed by the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers, in the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve on the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants of the Aral Sea. The shorn and parcelled Oxus strains along that the Amu Darya's course across the Kara-Kum Desert has gone through several major shifts in the past few thousand years. And tranquil, from whose floor the new-bathed stars Genghis Khan's troops destroyed the dam in 1221, and the Amu Darya shifted to distributing its flow more or less equally between the main stem and the Uzboy. By the 1800s, the ethnographic makeup of the region was described by Peter Kropotkin as the communities of "the vassal Khanates of Maimene, Khulm, Kunduz, and even the Badakshan and Wahkran. La sua lunghezza totale è di 2650 chilometri[2] ed è navigabile per oltre 1450 chilometri. It flows across Turkmenistan south to north, passing Türkmenabat, and forms the border of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan from Halkabat. Emerge, and shine upon the Aral Sea. During the era of Alexander the Great, the Syr Darya marked the northernmost limit of Hellenic conquests and also the site of a famous battle, the Battle of Jaxartes. For most of its history since at least the Muslim Conquest of Central Asia, the name of this city has been Khujand (in Tajikistan). [24] In the 1960s and 1970s the Soviets started using the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya to irrigate extensive cotton fields in the Central Asian plain. Vieni a scoprire la risposta su cruciv.it The Amu Darya drainage basin is in orange, and the Syr Darya basin in yellow. [citation needed]. Floods are frequent. Il più grande dei canali che deviano l'acqua dell'Amu Darya è il canale del Karakum. 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Therefore, the Chelab stream may be properly considered the true source or parent stream of the Oxus. runoff in the Amu Darya basin compared to the Syr Darya river basin. The total discharges (i.e. 2Songs:I dare you to Move by SwitchfootStop and Stare by One Republic With a length of 1,374 miles (2,212 km)—1,876 miles (3,019 km) including the Naryn—the Syr Darya is the longest river in Central Asia, but it carries less water than the Amu Darya. Of the total drainage area only about 200,000 square kilometres (77,000 sq mi) actively contribute water to the river. use problem for both the Syr Darya and Amu Darya river basins and the combined energy systems of all five Cen-tral Asian countries. agricultural chemicals drying up. Negli anni '60 e '70 i sovietici iniziarono a utilizzare l'Amu Darya e il Syr Darya per irrigare estesi campi di cotone nella pianura dell'Asia centrale. Amu Darya is the most important river within the Aral Sea basin. Which Central Asian nation has been most economically successful since independence from the … Featured as a terminal lake, there is no surface outflow in the Aral Sea, therefore, its water level is fundamentally determined by the joint e ect of Amu Darya runo , the groundwater discharge, and the net evaporation. Lì gira verso nord e poi verso est nord-ovest attraverso l'Hindu Kush con il nome di Pjandž, marcando il confine tra Afghanistan e Tagikistan e successivamente quello tra Afghanistan e Uzbekistan per circa 200 km, fino a passare da Termez. La provincia di Lebap, lungo il fiume Amu Darya, ospita intende coltivazioni di cotone, grano, mais, frutta e verdura. Since the end of the 19th century there have been four different claimants as the true source of the Oxus: A glacier turns into the Wakhan River and joins the Pamir River about 50 kilometres (31 mi) downstream. Aral Sea boundaries are c. 2008. Historical records state that in different periods, the river flowed into the Aral Sea (from the south), into the Caspian Sea (from the east), or both, similar to the Syr Darya (Jaxartes, in Ancient Greek). Nell'antichità classica, era conosciuto con il nome di Ὦξος (Oxos) in greco e Oxus in latino, mentre la sua denominazione era in arabo: جَـيْـحُـوْن‎, Jayḥūn. Questo canale, che corre dall'Amu Darya fino al Mar Caspio attraverso il Turkmenistan, è il principale responsabile della carenza d'acqua che il fiume patisce nel suo delta. The Brahmanda Purana refers to the river as Chaksu. A feasibility study was initiated to investigate if the area is suitable and if such an initiative would receive support from relevant decision makers. The Avestan texts too refer to the River as Yakhsha/Vakhsha (and Yakhsha Arta ("upper Yakhsha") referring to the Jaxartes/Syr Darya twin river to Amu Darya). Documenti storici affermano che in differenti epoche il fiume è sfociato nel lago d'Aral (da sud), nel Mar Caspio (da est) o in entrambi, così come il Syr Darya (chiamato Jaxartes dagli antichi greci). Due to over-irrigation from the Amu Darya River, the----- Sea is drying up. A viable tiger population of about 100 animals would require at least 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi) of large tracts of contiguous habitat with rich prey populations. [7], Western travellers in the 19th century mentioned that one of the names by which the river was known in Afghanistan was Gozan, and that this name was used by Greek, Mongol, Chinese, Persian, Jewish, and Afghan historians. the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. It subsequently forms the border of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan for about 200 kilometres (120 mi), passing Termez and the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge. It flows west to Ishkashim where it turns north and then north-west through the Pamirs passing the Tajikistan–Afghanistan Friendship Bridge. What were some of the causes of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers being ruined? This is because many of the river's major tributaries (especially the Zeravshan River) have been diverted, and much of the river's drainage is arid. "[3][4] A testimonianza che un tempo confluiva nel mar Caspio attraverso un letto oggi asciutto chiamato Uzboj occidentale. "[20] An Englishman, William Moorcroft, visited the Oxus around 1824 during the Great Game period. In ancient times, the river was regarded as the boundary between Iran and Turan. [4], The name Amu is said to have come from the medieval city of Āmul, (later, Chahar Joy/Charjunow, and now known as Türkmenabat), in modern Turkmenistan, with Darya being the Persian word for "river". In ancient times, the river was regarded as the boundary between Greater Iran and Ṫūrān (Persian: تُوران‎). Out of the mist and hum of that low land, A differenza della maggior parte dei corsi d'acqua, l'Amu Darya è caratterizzato da due periodi di piena invece di uno: una piena in primavera, fra aprile e maggio dovuta allo scioglimento delle nevi, la seconda ha inizio in giugno e prosegue nei mesi estivi, è alimentata dalle acque di scioglimento dei ghiacciai per il calore estivo. Darya-ye Panj, che scorre in Afghanistan e segna il punto in cui il Pjandž diventa Amu Darya; Zeravšan, che scorre in Tagikistan e Uzbekistan; Surhob, che taglia da nord a sud in Tagikistan; Deserti e montagne dell'URSS, le grandi distese selvagge, capitolo 4° "il colore del Paradiso", Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, gennaio 1984. Monitoring of an environment in river basins of Syr-Darya, Amu Darya, and their inflows started in 2002 according to the international agreement of scientists of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the USA. These When the Mongols came to the area, they used the water of the Amu Darya to flood Konye-Urgench. Amu Darya. The 1970s, in the course of the Soviet–Afghan War, Soviet forces used the valley to invade Afghanistan through Termez. His luminous home of waters opens, bright Prima di … which, standing above the surrounding arid plain, collect atmospheric moisture which otherwise would probably escape somewhere else. Along its course, the Syr Darya irrigates the most productive cotton -growing region in the whole of Central Asia, together with the towns of Kokand, Khujand, Kyzylorda and Turkestan . The upstream countries, Tajikistan (in the Amu Darya) and Kyrgyzstan (in the Syr Darya), are in favor of building dams to fully use their hydropower potential. The question of finding a route between the Oxus valley and India has been of concern historically. The proposed region is therefore unsuitable for the reintroduction, at least at this stage.[29]. Syr-darya synonyms, Syr-darya pronunciation, Syr-darya translation, English dictionary definition of Syr-darya. The Oxus river, and Arnold's poem, fire the imaginations of the children who adventure with ponies over the moors of the West Country in the 1930s children's book The Far-Distant Oxus. Esso è infatti il più grande canale artificiale di irrigazione al mondo per portata d'acqua. The lake’s water level has fallen sharply since the The headwaters of the Syr Darya River are primarily composed of the Naryn River in the north and the Kara Darya River in the south ().The Naryn River originated in the Chesker Ayala and Ak-shiirak massif in the central Tian Shan Mountains and displayed mostly glacial and snow meltwater feeding (Bocchiola et al., 2017; Sorg et al., 2014).The Naryn River flows westward almost 807 km from … Sihun, river, c.1,380 mi (2,220 km) long, flowing through Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. During the Russian Con… [18] But in the 18th century, the river again turned north, flowing into the Aral Sea, a path it has taken since. Throughout most of the steppe, the annual rainfall is about 300 millimetres (12 in).[13][16]. For other uses, see, Oxus, Jayhoun, də Āmu Sind, Vaksu, Amu River. Lungo il suo corso, il Syr Darya irriga la regione di coltivazione del cotone più produttiva di tutta l'Asia centrale , insieme alle città di Kokand , Khujand , Kyzylorda e … About 61% of the drainage lies within Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, while 39% is in Afghanistan. It is then split by the Tuyamuyun Hydro Complex into many waterways that used to form the river delta joining the Aral Sea, passing Urgench, Daşoguz, and other cities, but it does not reach what is left of the sea any more and is lost in the desert. Il fiume in alcuni tratti raggiunge una ampiezza di 1.600 metri, depositando fertili sedimenti lungo le sue sponde. But again, a rapid drop can be seen in 1970 and the following years. The Syr Darya is a river in Central Asia. [27], The Caspian tiger used to occur along the river's banks. [21] Another Englishman, a naval officer called John Wood, came with an expedition to find the source of the river in 1839. The Amu Darya is the deepest river in Central Asia. [citation needed], George MacDonald Fraser's Flashman at the Charge, (1973), places Flashman on the Amu Darya and the Arral Sea during the (fictitious) Russian advance on India during The Great Game period. Fonke pd. The last tributary is the Arys’, which enters from the right; the small rivers flowing from the Karatau Mountains do not reach the Syr Darya. In its upper course, the river forms part of Afghanistan's northern border with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. In about AD 985, the massive Gurganj Dam at the bifurcation of the forks started to divert water to the Aral. L'Amu Darya (anche Amudarja, Amudar'ja, Amu dar'ja, Amudarya, Amudar'ya, in persiano آمودریا‎, dove Darya vuol dire "mare" e Amu "fiume"; in lingua uzbeka Amudaryo e in tagico Амударё; in pashto آمو سيند, ossia Āmú Sínd) è il fiume più lungo dell'Asia centrale. Currently, only 8% of the Amu Darya’s Basin’s hydropower potential is being developed, whereas almost 90% of its water is used for agriculture . Its annual flow is a very modest 37 cubic kilometres (30,000,000 acre⋅ft) per year—half that of its sister river, the Amu Darya . The Amu Darya from the window of the train. 'good river'). It is believed[by whom?] Originating among glaciers and snow- [28] After its extirpation, the Darya's delta was suggested as a potential site for the introduction of its closest surviving relative, the Siberian tiger. Si divide poi in molti corsi d'acqua che formavano il delta che sfociava nel lago d'Aral, passando Urgench, Daşoguz e altre città, ma, a causa dell'abbassamento del livello del lago il fiume ora non riesce a raggiungerlo e si perde nel deserto; attualmente uno dei più grandi rami del delta, dopo aver irrorato le campagne limitrofe, confluisce nel lago Sarygamysh situato a sud-ovest del lago d'Aral. What once was a basin-wide management approach during the Soviet times has become an uncoordinated competition between the upstream (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan) and the … Il suo flusso annuale è di 37 chilometri cubi molto modesti (30.000.000 acri⋅ft ) all'anno, la metà di quello del suo fiume gemello, l' Amu Darya . For millennia, they have been used for irrigation, fishing and shipping. Nel V secolo a.C., Erodoto scriveva: "Il fiume di per sé ha 40 rami; ad eccezione di uno che si getta nel Mar Caspio, tutti gli altri si perdono nelle sabbie." The ancient Greeks called the Amu Darya the Oxus. d t, where X t is the water income with precipitation at t-th month, Y t is the water accumulated at t-th month, and X̄ is the mean water income and discharge averaged over the entire period of observations. The longed-for dash of waves is heard, and wide Long-term average flow is the Amu Darya is 79 cubic km / year and 37 cubic km / year in the Syr Darya. A large refugee population of Central Asians, including Turkmen, Tajiks and Uzbeks, fled to northern Afghanistan. [citation needed] In Vedic Sanskrit, the river is also referred to as Vakṣu (वक्षु). The Amu Darya[a] (also called the Amu, Amo River, or Jay-hoon, and historically known by its Latin name Oxus or Greek Ὦξος)[2] is a major river in Central Asia and Afghanistan. Map showing the Central Asia region with the two major rivers, the Amu and Syr Darya. Come Amu Darya, il fiume scorre attraverso il Turkmenistan da sud a nord, passando Türkmenabat e segnando il confine tra Turkmenistan ed Uzbekistan da Khalkabad. He found modern-day Lake Zorkul, called it Lake Victoria, and proclaimed he had found the source. The river's total length is 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) and its drainage basin totals 534,739 square kilometres (206,464 sq mi) in area, providing a mean discharge of around 97.4 cubic kilometres (23.4 cu mi)[1] of water per year. Use of water from the Amu Darya for irrigation has been a major contributing factor to the shrinking of the Aral Sea since the late 1950s. [13], The abundant water flowing in the Amu Darya comes almost entirely from glaciers in the Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan,[14] Alla nascita del Cristianesimo, lo storico e geografo greco Strabone descriveva Amu Darya There were two sequels, Escape to Persia and Oxus in Summer. It later put down the Basmachi movement and killed Ibrahim Bek. In ancient times, the river was regarded[by whom?] They flow through five countries in central Asia which were once part of the USSR. [citation needed], Robert Byron's 1937 travelogue, The Road to Oxiana, describes its author's journey from the Levant through Persia to Afghanistan, with the Oxus as his stated goal.
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